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PNG_Background report on Commodity_2006 |
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Background Report on Commodity Production and
Other Economic Activities in the
Huon Gulf District, Morobe Province,
Papua New Guinea
Report prepared for the
Bris Kanda Rural Economic Development Program
Lae
Morobe Province
Papua New Guinea
July 2006
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Contents
Acronyms
Cocoa
Coconut
Coffee
Betel nut
Vanilla
Rice
Peanuts
Spices and Fruits
Fishing
Other Fisheries
Fish Farming
Eco-tourism
Livestock
Poultry Farming
Crocodiles
Eco-forestry
Gold
Bibliography of Relevant Resource Materials
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Tables
Table 1: Cocoa production (t) by year and producer type and % smallholder
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production of total: 1997-2006
Table 2: Cocoa value (K) by year and by producer type: 1997-2004
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Table 3: Location and number of cocoa fermentries
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Table 4: Main destinations of PNG cocoa exports: 1996-2006
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Table 5: Cocoa prices (K/t) for buying and selling in the Morobe Province
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and international price (US $/t)
Table 6: Estimated green bean yields (kg/ha) by growth year
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Table 7: Smallholder coffee grades for export
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Table 8: PNG exports by destination: 1995-2000
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Table 9: Fish production (kg) for the Morobe Province by species group: 1988-1999
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Table 10: Fish production (kg) by LLG area in the Huon Gulf District: 1998-2002
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Table 11: Fish production (kg) by Huon Coast village: 1987-1998
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Table 12: Pump-boat fish landings (kg) by month
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Table 13: Buying prices (K) for pelagic fish at Frabelle Tuna
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Table 14: RCFDP fish landings (kg) by month
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Table 15: CFDMP activities in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas
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Table 16: Fisheries expenditures by type – CFMDP survey of Huon Coast villages
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Table 17: Buying prices for village fish buyers and the Papindo buying centre
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Table 18: Dried marine resources purchases (kg) from the Huon Coast by Asiapac Ltd: 2007 26
Table 19: Dried marine resource exports (kg and K) from the Morobe Province: 1999-2005 27
Table 20: Beche-de-mer buying prices at Papindo: 2007
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Table 21: Guesthouses and accommodation prices in the Huon Gulf District
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Table 22: Buying prices (K) for crocodile skins by Mainland Holdings Ltd
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Table 23: Commercial valuable trees found in the Huon Gulf District
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Table 24: Sub-sector priority for Bris Kanda intervention
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Figures
Figure 1: Cocoa production (t) by producer type: 1997-2006
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Figure 2: Cocoa value (K) by year and by producer type: 1997-2004
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Figure 3: Cocoa prices (K/t) for buying and selling in the Morobe Province
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and New York price (US $/t)
Figure 4: Fish production (kg) for the Morobe Province: 1992-1999
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Figure 5: Fisheries landings (kg) at Voco Point Fisheries Station
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from the Huon Gulf District: 1987-2002
Figure 6: Average catch (kg) for Frabelle pump-boats
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Figure 7: Average catch (kg) for RCFDP vessels
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Acronyms
ADB
CCI
CFMDP
CIC
CWTP
DAL
FAD
HF
LDA
LLG
MCFDP
MFMA
MLBA
NARI
NFA
NGO
NZAID
PIFFC
PMV
PNG
RCFDP
VDT
WWF
Asian Development Bank
Cocoa and Copra Institute
Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Program
Coffee Industry Corporation
Community Water Transport Program
Department of Agriculture and Livestock
Fish Aggregating Devices
High Frequency
Local Development Areas
Local Level Government
Morobe-Madang-Sepik Coastal Fisheries Development Project
Morobe Fisheries Management Authority
Market Linkages and Business Analysis
National Agriculture Research Institute
National Fisheries Authority
Non-government Organisations
New Zealand International Aid and Development Agency
Potsi Inland Fish Farmers Co-operative
Public Motor Vehicle
Papua New Guinea
Rural Coastal Fisheries Development Program
Village Development Trust
World Wide Fund for Nature
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Cocoa
The Morobe Province has never been a large cocoa producer in PNG unlike the New Guinea
Islands and Bougainville regions, and currently supplies around 2 % of PNG’s total annual cocoa
production (Table 1).
Table 1: Cocoa production (t) by year and producer type and % smallholder production of total: 1997-2006
Estimated
Smallholder production
% of Morobe (t) from the
Morobe
Smallholder Province
Huon
Year
PNG (t)
Province (t) Plantation (t) (t)
total
District*
1997
787
545
242
31
190-220
1998
252
98
154
61
120-140
1999
610
355
255
42
205-230
2000
30,156
203
115
88
43
70-80
2001
27,231
539
353
186
35
150-170
2002
43,707
840
448
392
47
315-350
2003
40,943
1157
657
500
43
400-450
2004
34,241
831
395
436
53
350-390
2005
43,500
1141
713
428
38
340-385
2006
42,404
779
222
557
72
445-500
Source: PNG Cocoa Board. *Note: Approximately 95 % of all cocoa production from the Huon District is from the Wampar LLG
area.
Cocoa production in the Morobe Province overall, as well as production from the plantation and
smallholders shows regular fluctuations in production both in volume (Table 1, Figure 1) and
value (Table 2, Figure 2).
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Figure 1: Cocoa production (t) by producer type: 1997-2006
M o ro be P ro vince
P lantatio n
Smallho lder
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Table 2: Cocoa value (K) by year and by producer type: 1997-2004
Year
Morobe Province (K)
Plantation (K)
1997
1,394,564
965,740
1998
746,424
290,276
1999
1,318,820
767,510
2000
356,265
201,825
2001
1,691,921
1,108,067
2002
5,330,640
2,843,008
2003
6,386,640
3,626,640
2004
3,286,008
1,613,961
Source: PNG Cocoa Board.
Smallholder (K)
428,824
456,148
551,310
154,444
583,854
2,487,632
2,760,000
1,672,047
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
M o ro be P ro vince
P lantatio n
Smallho lder
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Figure 2: Cocoa value (K) by year and by producer type: 1997-2004
Overall smallholder production has shown an increasing trend as new producers take up cocoa
growing as a cash earning activity. This may be partly due to the interventions of the Morobe
Province Rural Development Project (later superseded by the Department of Agriculture and
Livestock [DAL] and ADB Special Services Contract Facility), but also to the influences of other
factors, such as the betel nut blight which began devastating betel nut plantations (and hence
incomes) in the early 2000s throughout the Wampar LLG area and certain regions of the
Salamaua LLG area. Anecdotal advice from growers suggests that the betel nut blight has also
been responsible for an increase in women now growing cocoa to supplement household incomes,
which was previously supplied from sales of betel nut.
Estimates from Agmark, the sole buyer and exporter of cocoa in the Morobe Province (from
1995-2005, Agmark exported 57 % of all PNG’s cocoa) suggest that 80-90 % of all smallholder
cocoa production for the Morobe Province is produced from the Huon District. Of this, 95 % is
produced from the Wampar LLG area, and notably only from two main source areas, Yalu and
Gabsongkek (near Erap) where the majority of fermentries are located. There are currently 45
fermentries in the Wampar LLG area, with only one in the Salamaua LLG area and two in the
Morobe LLG area (Table 3). There are in fact three fermentries at Zare-Ainse in the Morobe
LLG area, but the third one is still under construction/renovation (due to problems with financing)
and is thus not yet operational. The village of Mou in the Morobe LLG area has also been
designated to have a cocoa fermentry installed under the current Member’s development funds.
There are also plans by the Cocoa and Copra Institute to develop a central processing facility at
Gabensis in the Wampar LLG area at the Forestry Station as a pilot facility, and then later transfer
it to a private business entity.
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Table 3: Location and number of cocoa fermentries
LLG
Place
No. of fermentries
Morobe
Zare-Ainse
2
Salamaua
Popdubi
1
Wampar
11-mile
1
40-mile (Markham Farm)*
1
DAL
1
Gabensis
1
Jungrik Plantation
1
Mare
1
Naromonki
1
Zifasing
2
Nasuapum
2
Munum
4
Gabsongkek (Erap area)
9
Yalu
21
Source: Agmark. *Note: Markham Farm is a private plantation and does not take in smallholder cocoa.
Agmark is a public company and is owned by New Guinea Produce Company, which is based in
Kokopo, East New Britain. Until 1994 when the company set up in Lae, it bought cocoa in
Morobe Province through agents. The Lae-based buying operation employs two buying staff, and
three office staff.
The Markham Farm is the only plantation grower of cocoa in the Morobe Province, and has a
restricted export licence (from 1995-2005, it exported 3 % of PNG’s total cocoa exports). It is an
affiliate of the Swires Group (based in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) and produces
plantation cocoa of a very high quality. It has an arrangement with Express Freight Management
which stores its cocoa until ready for export. Under the restricted export licence and other
conditions, it does not handle any smallholder cocoa, and advice from the CCI suggests that it
does not want to because they do not want their reputation tarnished by low quality cocoa beans
and do not want to encourage theft from their plantation.
End markets for PNG’s cocoa in descending order of importance are the United States,
Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia (Table 4). PNG cocoa is marketed on the global markets as a
high flavour dry fermented bean. Stronger flavour cocoa beans, such as those produced in PNG
are sought after by the international market for producing higher quality food and pharmaceutical
cocoa products. Processors and manufacturers also use PNG cocoa beans as flavouring agents to
enhance lower quality beans such as those from Indonesia which are used as filler.
Table 4: Main destinations of PNG cocoa exports: 1996-2006
Country
% taken of total PNG exports
United States
30
Singapore
26
Malaysia
12
Indonesia
11
United Kingdom
5
Thailand
5
Germany
5
Belgium
5
Other
1
Source: PNG Cocoa Board.
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In comparison to copra and coffee, cocoa prices have been fairly stable because global demand
for cocoa beans has become relatively inelastic and has not been significantly affected by changes
in price, in recent years at least (Table 5, Figure 3). Civil unrest in western Africa in the late-
1990s-early-2000s caused an increase in prices due to supply deficits.
Given this relative stability, increasing cultivation of cocoa in the Huon District is worth pursuing
in regards to Bris Kanda’s goal. For this to happen though, smallholders must have the capacity
(skills and knowledge) to access and adopt improved practices and be able to respond to these
opportunities to increase their returns. The PNG Cocoa Board has plans to produce 100,000 t of
cocoa beans nationally for export by the year 2015, so there is interest from the government
agricultural sector (particularly since the launching of the National Agricultural Development
Plan: 2007-2012).
Table 5: Cocoa prices (K/t) for buying and selling in the Morobe Province and international price (US $/t)
Average international
Average delivery-in store Average f.o.b. export
price – New York
Year
price (K/t)
price (K/t)
(US $/t)
1997
1,772
2,026
1,542
1998
2,962
3,214
1,603
1999
2,162
2,669
1,075
2000
1,755
2,166
835
2001
3,139
3,208
1,039
2002
6,346
6,311
1,714
2003
5,520
6,404
1,755
2004
4,149
5,164
1,517
Source: PNG Cocoa Board. Note: Fluctuations in the kina price can be attributed to differences in the US $ and kina exchange rates.
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
Delivery-in sto re (K/t)
Free-o n-bo ard (K/t)
New Yo rk (US/t)
2,000
1,000
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Figure 3: Cocoa prices (K/t) for buying and selling in the Morobe Province and New York price (US $/t)
Cocoa in the Morobe Province is produced and harvested all year round, but has two main peak
seasons, called the ‘flushing’ season(s). These two peaks are from May-August (the main peak
season) and a smaller peak in December-January (coinciding with the need for money for
Christmas celebrations and school fees in the New Year; and interestingly with the coffee
flushing season). Agmark is currently buying around 40 bags/day.
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The market chain for smallholder cocoa starts with the producer who sells his/her wet cocoa bean
to a local fermentary for K 0.40-0.50/kg. When the smallholder sells his/her wet cocoa beans to
the fermenter, he/she forgoes any further costs. The fermenter has many additional costs, such as
buying the wet beans in the first place, fuel-wood, labour and licenses (a fermentary licence costs
K99/yr, a dealer’s licence is K 198/yr and an identification card is K 26/yr; licenses need to be
renewed annually between 1st September-31st December). It takes approximately 2.5 kg of wet
cocoa beans to produce 1 kg of dry fermented cocoa beans. At current prices, it costs the
fermenter between K 60-75 to buy enough wet cocoa beans from the smallholder to make one bag
of dry cocoa bean for sale. The fermenter also has his/her own cocoa trees (under licensing
arrangements, the minimum is supposed to be 3,000 trees, but in the interest of stimulating
production, the Cocoa and Copra Institute [CCI] allows fermenters to have less than this amount).
After the fermenter purchases the wet cocoa beans, they are processed by fermenting and drying,
which takes on average about a week. After the processing procedure, the fermenter will pack the
dried cocoa beans for on-selling to Agmark.
When it is time for the fermenter to sell his/her beans at Agmark, transport costs are extremely
high. For fermentary owners in the Zare-Ainse area of the Morobe LLG area, freight costs are K
60/bag, plus a passenger fare of K 260/both-ways (a distance of approximately 150 km). For the
fermentary at Pobdubi, they first have to either carry bags down (portioned into 20 kg lots) or
ferry them down the Fransisco River on rafts to Salamaua, then utilize a dinghy, which will cost
K 30/bag in freight and K 60 in passenger fare. For a fermentary operator in the Wampar LLG,
transport costs range from K 30-50/bag depending on location and access to transport, plus
his/her fare. There are also additional cost of transport from the Aigris market to Agmark for
those coming from Morobe and Salamaua LLG areas of K 10/bag.
The current buying price for cocoa at Agmark is approximately K 300/bag (which includes
overhead costs, portion of export levy and profit margins). A standard bag is measured at 62.5 kg
nett, thus the fermentary owner gets K 4.80/kg as the delivery-in store price (less all his/her
costs). At Agmark, the cocoa is inspected, weighed and packed (bulking) into 20 ft containers.
These containers hold 240 bags/container, which equates to 15 t of cocoa beans. Containers when
full are then shifted to the main wharf and storage fees are paid until a boat is available for export.
The current export price for cocoa is approximately K 315-320/bag (less additional costs; advice
from exporters in Bougainville have export prices between K 350-360/bag). Advice from the
cocoa manager at Agmark suggests that Agmark only make between 2-5 % profit overall from the
business of buying and exporting cocoa. Agmark also states that even if cocoa production
increased, they could not buy at a higher price, as prices are generated by the global market and
because the PNG Cocoa Board monitors prices paid to the farmers.
One way to possibly increase production is by having smallholders improve the quality of the
cocoa beans that they produce. This is something that could be addressed along the whole of
supply chain, starting at the fermenter. Agmark as the sole buyer should also have a vested
interest in establishing closer more directed supplier relationships with fermentry operators in
order to improve the quality and consistency of their raw materials. This is not the case at
present, even though Agmark is the sole buyer it does not provide any extension except advice at
the buyer door.
Extension services for cocoa production lie with the CCI. Unfortunately even though they are
financed directly by a K 40 levy/t on export that goes to the PNG Cocoa Board, of which 60 % is
to be turned over to the CCI for operational funding, the CCI still lacks adequate human and
financial resources to conduct extension services. Subsequently, extension services and
technology transfer are still lacking, particularly in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas. For
example, people have cleared land at Busama in the Salamaua LLG area, and have 5,000 poly-
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bags to grow seedlings, but have no seeds. In the Wampar LLG area there are an estimated
50,000 poly-bags distributed, but again no seeds are available.
The biggest challenge to increasing cocoa production is increasing smallholder productivity from
the current yield estimates of 200-350 kg/ha; plantations average between 1-1.5 t/ha (average of
600 trees/ha). With the new hybrid variety of cocoa, smallholders could be harvesting cocoa
within 3 years and producing considerably more. The only problem is that the hybrids have a life
span of approximately 5 years before they need rehabilitating or replanting, though through
genetic manipulation this is thought to soon double. The older variety of cocoa takes four years
to mature and can produce 1 t/ha under careful management, but has a life span of 25 years.
Current area under production is estimated at approximately 1,350 ha in the Wampar LLG area.
From a recent field visit with the Bris Kanda Program Manager to the Zare-Ainse area,
fermentary operators and community members stated that there was probably 50-60 current
producers in that area (there are apparently 15,000 cocoa trees already planted, though not all are
worked, with another 20,000 recently planted and ready to come into production).
The Wampar LLG area has very high potential for further development in the populated areas on
the plains of the Markham River between Nadzab and Lae (where the majority of fermentries are
located, including the Yalu Plantation area) and cocoa has moderate potential for the higher
coastal ranges, particularly around Salamaua Point in the Salamaua LLG area and the Waria
Valley in the Morobe LLG area.
The development constraints of the cocoa sub-sectors are several, and include declining yields
due to poor block management or up-keep; shortened productive life of cocoa trees due to
inadequate treatment of pest infestations (the cocoa-bod borer is a real threat) and disease;
insufficient supply of genetically improved varieties; inadequate extension services; restricted
access to farm credit (coupled with high interest rates); poor quality of cocoa beans produced;
poor transport and marketing infrastructure; and law and order problems.
As a priority activity, Bris Kanda should support CCI to do surveys of all fermentries in the Huon
Gulf District and establish the number of smallholders selling to those fermentries and the
numbers of trees in production, in need of rehabilitation and just planted and not yet producing.
Such a survey would also assist Bris Kanda identify areas for immediate intervention. It should
be noted though, that only certain areas within the Huon Gulf District will be suitable for cocoa
development, rehabilitation or expansion; mostly restricted to areas along the coast and river
valleys.
Coconut
Formal development of coconut plantations (for the production of copra) in the Huon Gulf
District began in the 1930s following the introduction of the Plantation Ordinance in the 1920s.
Further plantation expansion occurred in the 1950s under the Copra Co-operatives and church
initiatives. These co-operative societies never became a major force in smallholder marketing,
with most failing in a very short period of time due to a lack of capital for further expansion,
distribution and equity problems, and the usual problems of mismanagement and corruption.
The most notable area of coconut plantations in the Huon Gulf District is at Bau and Kobo areas
of the Morobe LLG areas, with smaller coconut plantation also established at Lababia and
Busama in the Salamaua LLG area. Markham Farm in the Wampar LLG area dominates.
Copra production in the Morobe Province has previously wavered around 2,000 t/yr since
Independence. Copra production has been estimated by the CCI to be between 500-750 kg/ha for
smallholders and 1,500-3,000 kg/ha for plantations.
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There has been no smallholder production of copra in the Morobe Province in recent years
because the income return on labour inputs is too low (advice from CCI suggests that the buying
price of copra would be between K0.10-0.20/kg if someone was to buy) and the cost of transport
is too high. Out of all the previous plantations in the Morobe Province, only Markham Farms is
still producing, and sells to the copra oil mill in Madang (advice from CCI suggest that buying
price is approximately K 600/t for 1st grade copra, K 400/t for 2nd grade and K 300/t for 3rd grade).
There is also a considerable domestic trade in dry and drinking coconuts in Lae and also a
sizeable inter-provincial market for consumers in the Highlands. These coconuts usually sell for
between K 0.40-0.80 depending on availability and demand.
Due to the low returns and the fact no one is buying copra in Lae, CCI’s emphasis is on value-
added, down-stream processing. At the request of the Hon Member for the Huon Gulf District,
Sasa Zibe, CCI has drawn up the Huon Gulf Cocoa and Coconut Development Project, which
would see the establishment of Direct Micro-expellers and dryers for production of virgin coconut
oil. These would be placed at Morobe Station in the Morobe LLG area, at Busama in the
Salamaua LLG area and at Yalu/Jungrik Plantation, Munum and Gabsongkeg in the Wampar
LLG area.
Bris Kanda could place some effort in supporting CCI in redeveloping and rehabilitating coconut
plantations using hybrid-planting materials to replace older and senile palms. Bris Kanda could
also assist in research and training into downstream processing coconuts into oil (for cooking,
cosmetics and as a bio-fuel), soap, candles, livestock feed (chickens and fish, recent studies by the
National Agriculture Research Institute [NARI] have produced a manual for village-based feeds),
biscuits, charcoal, fibre (for rope, doormats, etc.) and wood.
The National Fisheries College has produced a detailed assessment of the feasibility of
commercial production of coconut oil as an alternative fuel for diesel in both fisheries and
community applications. Equipment is available in Lae through Project Support Services Ltd.
Coffee
Coffee has been promoted in the Morobe Province since the 1950s, and the Morobe Province has
contributed an estimated 6 % of all PNG’s total exports since 1975-2000. It has been estimated
by the Coffee Industry Corporation (CIC) that between 20-30 % of all rural households in the
Morobe Province are involved in growing coffee (mostly in the Aseki, Menyamya, Boana, Watut,
Finschafen areas). In the Huon Gulf District the main producing centres are the highland regions
in the north-western corner of the Wampar LLG area, Hote-Yamap in the Salamaua LLG area
and the northern Waria region in the Morobe LLG area. Advice from the coffee mills and
Niugini Coffee is that the Huon Gulf District is not a large producer of coffee in the Morobe
Province.
According to the CIC there are no accurate figures for production from the Morobe Province as
coffee buyers are unregulated (only exporters are licensed and need permits from the CIC to
export) and coffee is also sold to the Highlands (which is then brought back down to Lae for
export). It is thought, however, that coffee production for the Morobe Province is between 3,000-
5,000 t/yr (all of it smallholder).
There are four mills in Lae (Yhahauka at 14-mile, a new mill at 11-mile, Bewapi Coffee at 9-mile
and Niugini Coffee, Tea and Spice Ltd [hereafter called Niugini Coffee] at 5-mile), with another
four regional mills located at Asiki, Wasu, Wau and Erap (the latter falling inside the Huon Gulf
District).
There is only one coffee exporter in Lae, Niugini Coffee, which is part of the Mainland Holdings
group of companies. This is a 100 % nationally owned company originally established from
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coffee growing business groups (there is one business group located in the Salamaua LLG
hinterland area above Buakap which owns 10 % of all shares) who sold to the 5-mile mill, and
later bought it, and then expanded into commercial poultry farming, transportation, electrical
supplies, crocodile farming, flour milling and packaging. Advice from Nuigini Coffee suggests
that they obtain about 50 % of all their coffee for export from coffee milled at the Bewapi Mill,
90 % from the Yhahauka Mill (which is financed by Nuigini Coffee), and 100 % from their 5-
mile plant. They also buy coffee from around PNG for export.
As noted above, coffee produced in the Morobe Province is also sold to companies based in
Goroka, with Lae-based transport companies acting as agents. For example, Nuigini Mainland
Coffee has a relationship with Express Freight Management Ltd, while PNG Coffee Exports has a
relationship with East West Transport. These companies offer incentives to buyers and agents by
offering to pay all transport costs.
Coffee production is variable depending primarily on the age of the tree, and the intensity of
management (Table 6). Trees usually have about five years of full production and then need to be
rehabilitated. Once the coffee is ready, it is picked as a cherry and then but through a ‘pulper’
which removes the outer flesh to leave parchment. The recovery rate of parchment to cherry is
approximately 20 %. The parchment is then dried (usually in the sun) until ready for shipment to
the mills or sold to a buyer. The rate of recovery for parchment to green bean is 70 %. Coffee
mills charge 30 t/kg for removing the parchment.
Table 6: Estimated green bean yields (kg/ha) for Arabica by growth year
kg/ha
Growth year
200-500
3
500-1,000
5
1,300-1,600
6
1,600-2,000
7
1,100 Rehabilitated
800 Un-rehabilitated
Source: Coffee Industry Corporation
The main flushing season for coffee is similar to cocoa with peak production in May-August and
a smaller one in December-January. Current delivered-in store price to buyers (with the
exception of Niugini Coffee who offer full-price for their business groups) for parchment coffee
is around K3.50-3.90/kg for Y-grade Arabica (Y-grade is the product of smallholders, as is PSC,
which is the best, Premium Smallholder Coffee; Table 7). Buyers will then on-sell to Niugini
Coffee (or to the companies based in the Highlands) who pay around K 6.10/kg for green beans.
Inside this buying price is the exporter’s margin to cover operational costs as well as profit. This
margin depends on costs of operation and the target profit, as well as other factors such as stock
position, the level of competition between exporters, the available supply (shortage or surplus),
the supplier’s record and relationship with the exporter, and so on. Current export price is around
K 6.80-6.90/kg (there is also a K 0.10/kg export levy as well). Ninety percent of the coffee
exported by Niugini Coffee is bulk exports whereby loose green bean is blown into a bag-filled
container, which holds 18 t of green bean. The remaining 10 % is exported in hessian bags.
Niugini Coffee estimates that they export approximately 500 containers/yr, with 70-80 % coming
from their two sister mills in the Highlands.
Table 7: Smallholder coffee grades for export
Grade
Bean Size (mm)
PSC
>15
Y1
Mixed
Y2
Mixed
Source: Coffee Industry Corporation
Bean shape
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Colour
Light green to green
Mixed light green
Mixed light green
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Some smallholders in the Huon Gulf District are able to take their coffee directly to the mill door,
but many cannot. In many places where there are accessibility problems, coffee is neglected or
not harvested or only partially harvested. For growers in the Salamaua LLG area, especially in
the Hote area, they have to carry their coffee down to Buakap on the coast and then travel by
dinghy to the mills and buyers. For those in the Morobe LLG area they have to carry it up to
Biaru, and pay carriers between K 2-5/bag, and then get a PMV down to Lae. Coffee from the
Huon Gulf District that makes it way up to the main Bulolo-Wau-Lae road will be charged
around K 50/bag in freight on a PMV, plus the seller’s fare on top.
Law and order is a serious problem with many buyers reluctant to go in and buy at the farm gate,
coupled with this, is the poor state of road infrastructure, and the high cost of transportation to
freight coffee from the farm gate to the mills and markets in Lae. Previously many buyers would
give out advances to village-based buyers to purchase coffee, which they would then pick up on a
regular basis. Most have now stopped this practice, except for especially trusted people as the
money was quickly misused, and spent by village-based buyers on his/her/family’s other
immediate needs rather than buying coffee.
Buyers that do venture into rural areas (they will stagger their visits, i.e. come a few days early or
a few days late to confuse would be robbers), usually buy around 20 bags (this is the amount that
can be transported by a Land Cruiser utility). Buyers will usually buy for K 1.80-2.50/kg on
feeder roads, and K 3.30/kg on main roads. Nowadays, some buyers set themselves up at
strategic locations along the main roads to buy coffee from growers. Proper attention to road
maintenance would make the coffee industry much more profitable (advice from one buyer stated
that before the roads had deteriorated, one buyer obtained 400 bags in one week from Yamap in
the Salamaua LLG area).
The PNG coffee industry is targeting the quality coffee market, which forms only 5 % of the total
world coffee market, through the promotion of high quality Arabica coffee. The main export
destination for PNG coffee is Germany (Table 8).
Table 8: PNG exports by destination: 1995-2000
Destination
% of total exports
Germany
55
Australia
19
Others
12
Unites States of America
6
United Kingdom
6
Japan
2
Source: Coffee Industry Corporation
The CIC is the organisation mandated to undertake coffee extension and development activities.
It charges a K 0.10/kg export levy on all exports. The CIC is encouraging farmers to form farmer
groups or co-operatives and operate through them. As yet there are no co-operatives in the Huon
Gulf District (there are 11 groups established in other parts of the Morobe Province, and another
four pending). The CIC also suffers from similar problems as CCI with low financing and lack of
manpower to adequately fulfil extension services.
Betel nut
Betel nut was a major inter-provincial export commodity (pre-dominantly to the Highlands
Region) from the Huon Gulf District, and still is in some localities which have not been afflicted
by the betel nut blight. In the Wampar LLG area, a large number of fallows were planted in betel
nut in the early 1990s (estimated at the time to be several hundred trees/household) because of
high prices being received at markets in Lae and at the 40-mile Market on the Highlands
Highway, west of the Nadzab airport. Because of the betel nut blight, there is now regular
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movement throughout the Huon Gulf District in search of betel nut supplies, and there is a ‘trade
route’ from Popondetta-Lae-Highlands.
Betel nut is sold by the hand (a branch of a bunch), by the bunch, but most often by bag (usually a
size 25 or 50 kg stockfeed bag or rice bale bags). A hand of betel nut will sell for between K
5.00-6.00, whilst a size 25 kg bag will sell for around K 50-80, and K 100-150 for a 50 kg bag. A
size 25 kg bag can hold between 70-90 kg of betel nut, whilst a size 50 kg bag can hold between
120-150 kg of betel nut. Betel nut is sold in the markets and street stalls in Lae as individual nuts
usually for K 0.30-0.50/nut depending on season and availability.
Due to the aforementioned betel nut blight, the 40-mile market on the Highlands Highway in the
Wampar LLG area has essentially collapsed. The decline in the betel nut trade has had a flow on
effect on other rural businesses, particularly in the Wampar LLG area. The collapse of the betel
nut economy has forced many people back into cocoa production (which had been largely
neglected in areas with large betel nut plantations), with many people now planning to plant
cocoa. Advice from growers in the Gabensis area of the Wampar LLG area suggest that more
women are now moving from betel but to growing cocoa to sustain household incomes.
Vanilla
The Morobe Province does not produce much of PNG’s vanilla, and there are no current
production figures available. Vanilla was heavily promoted by DAL in the late-1990s due to the
boom in prices experienced in the wake of the decline in yields from traditional source countries,
like Madagascar. Some growers in the Huon Gulf District made money during the boom years of
1998-2004, but the amounts were not large, unlike the incomes received in the Sepik Region.
One of the problems with growing vanilla in the Huon Gulf District is that it needs a period of a
few months dry weather to produce best, and much of the Huon Gulf District is either too wet as
in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas or too dry as is some areas of the Markham Valley in the
Wampar LLG area.
There are two species of commercial vanilla grown in PNG. These are Vanilla planifolia and V.
tahitensis. An endemic species, Vanilla wariensis is being mistakenly cultivated by uninformed
farmers, particularly in the Morobe LLG area, and has no commercial value.
There are no current full-time buyers of vanilla in Lae. When contacted, previous buyers stated
that they no longer were purchasing vanilla because the price was too low. Papindo is buying, but
purchases only from other provinces. Agmark occasionally buys (it has a current contract to
supply 300 kg of vanilla). During 2003, Agmark was exporting out of Lae to Indonesia between
2-12 t/mth of vanilla (some of this would have been purchased from other provinces). Current
buying price by Agmark is around K 30/kg.
There is also currently no idea of the number of producers of vanilla in the Huon Gulf District or
the area planted. Plots observed by the author in Busama in the Salamaua LLG area were small,
around 20 m². Because the labour requirement for vanilla production is high (around 400 man-
days/ha/yr), smallholders should only concentrate on small blocks as it is better to have a small
productive block than a large, poorly managed, unproductive block. The main inputs for vanilla
production are planting materials of vanilla and shade trees. Vanilla cuttings cost K 1/each.
Vanilla is sought after in international markets for its unique flavour (currently 95 % of world
demand for vanilla flavour is now satisfied by relatively inexpensive synthetic vanilla).
Unfortunately, PNG has quality and quantity issues and PNG has a tarnished reputation on the
world market because of bad practices during the early-2000s boom. Most farmers do not
pollinate or harvest on time and therefore lose productivity; this means there is low or variable
availability for a stable market, and low volumes result in high overhead costs for buyers and
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exporters. There is also no systematic method of curing amongst smallholders, which affects
vanillin content and subsequently the grade (and the price).
The long time taken before a positive cash flow (it can take up to seven years) is achieved is also
a problem in maintaining smallholder interest in vanilla production, and if crops are neglected or
poorly managed it is doubtful that projected yields will be obtained (it takes five kg of green
vanilla beans to produce one kg of cured beans).
Vanilla should only be promoted by Bris Kanda in the Huon Gulf District as a minor cash crop,
integrated with cocoa and other food crops. Opportunities for certified organically grown vanilla
should be investigated, as certification will increase the buying price, though the issue of quality
and quantity still remain.
Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was introduced into the Morobe Province by the early Lutheran
missionaries, and promoted in the Huon Gulf District after World War II (WWII). During the
1970-1980s, demonstration plots were set-up by the DPI and in the 1990s; DAL introduced new
Taiwanese varieties to increase yields.
Because of the ravages of the taro beetle and the alomoe-bobone virus in the Huon Gulf District,
rice growing has increased in importance, particularly in the Morobe LLG area. Smallholder rice
is usually cultivated in the Morobe LLG area on plots less than 1 ha (averaging 0.5 ha), with most
of the rice growing along the Waria River, from Dona to Pepeware. Coastal villages like Kobo,
Sapa and Sowara are also involved. During the period 2001-2003, 58 t of paddy was delivered to
the three rice mills in the Waria Valley, fixing a mill recovery return of 33 t (average milling
recovery is approximately 60 % of the paddy weight).
The growing of rice has previously been promoted in the Huon Gulf District as a cash crop and
many farmers in the Morobe LLG area started cultivation believing that they would make good
returns out of it. It is actually quite difficult to grow rice on a commercial basis (rice is highly
labour intensive, and sensitive to soil fertility and moisture stress, pests and disease) and many
smallholders questioned the practicability of commercial rice production. Even though Trukai
Industries has upgraded their mill to accept local rice, the growing of rice in the Huon Gulf
District is better promoted as a subsistence and semi-commercial crop, with smallholders simply
selling the surplus from their harvest and consuming the rest themselves. Village smallholders
sell their surplus in local markets between K 2.50-4.00/kg.
Peanuts
Nearly all peanuts produced in PNG are consumed domestically as food, although significant
volumes of peanut products (nuts, oil and butter/paste) are also imported, which would suggest
that there is good scope for expansion of domestic production and processing to replace imports.
During the 1950-1960s, large volumes of peanuts were exported (averaging around 2,000 t/yr)
from the Morobe Province to Australia and a factory was established to produce peanut butter,
most of which was consumed locally. Peanut production slowly declined from this peak period,
in part due to the poor returns to growers.
In the last few years, peanut production and trade has increased due to a rapid decline in the yield
of betel nuts (due to the aforementioned blight), with women in the Wampar LLG area now
devoting much time and effort to the production and marketing of peanuts. In a recent survey by
Trukai Industries, peanuts were ranked as one of the top five income generating crops in the
Markham Valley (the number one priority was training in book keeping and savings), and for
some households it provides up to 75 % of all income.
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In the Markham Valley, peanuts are usually planted between January-March, however some
people also cultivate peanuts in the off-season (despite lower yields) to take advantage of higher
prices and better market demand. Peanut garden sizes range from 0.02-4.8/ha (160,000-200,000
plants/ha) producing between >0.9-2t/ha, with a monetary value of K 890-1,250/ha/yr.
Peanut cultivation is a communal family effort, with man and women involved in differing stages
of production. Many farmers in the Markham Valley hire tractors (around K 200/day) for plant
preparation, while hired labour is used for other operations. Harvesting takes place 3-4 months
after planting.
Current urban demand in Lae is estimated at 11.2 t/wk. Growers also get excellent returns selling
peanuts to middlemen/women from the Highlands who retail them in them home provinces.
Marketing was considered to be only a minor problem in the Markham Valley in the recent
survey by Trukai Industries (ranking 5th out of 10 places in importance).
Peanuts are sold as fresh, boiled, roasted, dried on a bunch or loose; or fried and salted. Fresh
peanuts on the bunch are preferred. Wholesale prices change with demand and supply, during the
seasonal peak period, the market is flooded with peanuts, prices between the peak and off season
can be as high as 1:4 in pricing.
Major constraints to increasing peanut production in the Huon Gulf District (in fact all of PNG) is
the high presence of aflatoxin (which can affect the functioning of the immune system in
humans). Aflatoxin is a group of toxins produced in peanuts by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and
A. paraciticus under specific moisture and temperature conditions and can occur during
production, harvest and storage. Other constraints include disease, pests, pod borers (which can
be addressed by simple chemical seed dressing and can improve yields by 50 % at an average cost
K 21-41/ha). Predation by parrots and rats is also a problem.
Spices and Fruits
The Lae Main Market is quite a good market, but is already well supplied with fresh food (during
the wet season between October-March there is a surplus of vegetables, in the dry there are more
watermelons and mangoes and less vegetables).
Cardamom (Elettaria cardomum) and chillies (Capsicum frutescens) were heavily promoted in
the Morobe Province during the 1980-1990s, but marketing arrangements collapsed in the late
1990s, when the DAL’s Produce Marketing Division was disbanded. There are currently no
companies involved in marketing spices because of poor quality produce and unstable market
prices, and there have been no exports since 2000.
There are possibly small niche markets for Asian consumers inside of PNG for exotic fruits like
durian (Durio zibethinus) and mangosteens. The Lae City Mission operates the Suambu
Plantation at 9-mile for disaffected youth and produces a wide range of fruits. They regularly sell
all their mangosteens and durians at the Lae Main Market. They also produce kava for export.
Galip nuts (Canarium indicum) have the potential to be marketed as an alternative to the
comparatively more expensive macadamia nut. A feasibility study on galip nut funded by
ACIAR in 2004-2005 concluded that galip nut was a very feasible export tree crop for PNG. An
evaluation study from 2003-2006 by the EU on the commercialisation of a wide-range of
alternative cash crops, also chose galip nut (and nutmeg) for major development. An advantage
of promoting galip nuts is that the trees can be inter-cropped with cocoa, coffee, pepper, vanilla
and kava by offering shade.
Pepper (Piper nigrum) production is less intensive then vanilla in terms of labour and skills
required. Flexibility in spacing allows for inter-cropping between vines and the option of
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planting under larger commercial tree crops such as cocoa. It also takes 2-3 years before pepper
is ready to harvest, a similar time to the new hybrid cocoa trees. Dried black peppercorns are less
perishable than green vanilla beans, subsequently they face lower marketing constraints.
Problems with marketing pepper are that there currently are no buyers and pepper appears to be
affected by cyclical price fluctuations (usually on a seven year basis).
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) takes up to seven years to produce, but once in production can yield
for up to one hundred years.
Mango (Mangifera indica) has potential for exports to the Highlands, but only from superior
varieties. Current varieties are of poor quality. The ideal location for mango production is the
Upper Markham in the Wampar LLG area as the dry season is not so severe there.
Major constraints to the fresh produce and spice trade are poor transport infrastructure, and
unreliable and infrequent transport. For fresh produce there is also a lack of capacity and poor
facilities at markets, a lack of refrigerated containers, poor marketing and extension advice with
linking production to market demand. Markets also suffer from poor quality control and product
inconsistency.
Fishing
The Morobe Province has a long history of fisheries development dating back to pre-
independence. In the 1960s, expatriate buyers began purchasing fish from village fishers along
the Huon Coast and retailing their purchases in Lae, with the result that fishing became the
mainstay of the cash economy for many communities in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas.
In 1972, the Voco Point Fisheries Station was established with the purpose of providing training
to village fishers on fishing techniques, net making and repair, maintenance of outboard motors,
fish handling, ice box construction, and the proper use of ice. Following the establishment of the
Voco Point Fisheries Station, several fisher groups, co-operatives and associations were
established and registered under loan mechanisms with the Rural Development Bank. The
transport of fish from the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas was provided by private boats
transporting both iced and frozen fish to the Voco Point fish depot. Fish ponds were also
introduced into the Wampar LLG area.
Fishing interest again increased in intensity with the arrival of the German Development Service
sponsored Morobe-Madang-Sepik Coastal Fisheries Development Project (MCFDP) in 1987.
This project was jointly implemented by the Morobe Province’s Division of Fisheries and Marine
Resources and was headquartered in Lae at the Voco Point Fisheries Station (the current location
of the Morobe Fisheries Management Authority [MFMA]) and ran until 1999 (a twelve-year
program).
The MCFDP was established on the assumption that coastal fisheries resources in the Morobe
Province and neighbouring provinces were under-utilised and therefore able to sustain a
substantial increase in exploitation rates. With little activity in the agricultural cash crop sub-
sector at the time, it was expected that by providing infrastructure and introducing new
technologies, providing fishermen with a dependable market, affordable access to ice, and
outreach support directed at making village fishing and transport systems more cost-effective, that
the artisanal fisheries sub-sector would develop and create employment opportunities and
generate income for coastal and island villagers throughout the Morobe Province. During the
course of the MCFDP it became evident that the emphasis on exploitable fish resources and
technical solutions was not working and that the productivity of artisanal fisheries lacked
constancy. Part of this reason was attributed to the low prices paid by the MCFDP (from 1992-
1996, the buying price remained around K 2.50/kg).
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Since the MCFDP ended, much of its infrastructure was incorporated into the Division of
Fisheries and Marine Resources. The intent was to eventually lease these facilities to the
respective local level governments, but because they lacked the necessary funding, this never
happened. The fisheries centre at Morobe Station in the Morobe LLG area, was then taken over
by the Sinugu Business Group in 1997 which operated the ice plant at Morobe Station and
maintained small buying points at Bau Island, Lasanga Island, Maiama and Wabezeira (it had
been previously offering a carrier service from Morobe Station). The Sinugu Business group was
supported by heavy subsidies from the then Hon Member of the Huon Gulf District, Tukape
Masani, who was also the founder and patron of the group. The business group did not last long
and the fisheries centre is now in need of some serious renovations. Part of the problem
encountered by the Sinugu Business Group was the low prices they paid to fishers, and
subsequently fishers did not sell them their catch.
Production figures for the landings at the Voco Point Fisheries Station during the MCFDP show
increasing production until 1996 and then a quick decline afterwards as the MCFDP wound down
(Table 9, Figure 4). After the demise of the MCFDP and the failed attempts by the government to
run the station and other privatization ventures, Maps Tuna utilised the premises for landing and
processing tuna. Due to the high costs involved and difficulties in accessing air freight, Maps
Tuna has now closed doors. Maps Tuna was also acting as the Private Sector Partner for fishers
who were operating fishing vessels under a loan scheme by the European Union’s Rural Coastal
Fisheries Development Program (RCFDP). With the collapse of Maps Tuna, and because higher
prices were/are offered by supermarkets and restaurants, all fish products now go to these places.
Zenag is now utilising the facilities of Maps Tuna part-time to process tuna from their mini-
longliner for export.
Table 9: Fish production (kg) for the Morobe Province by species group: 1992-1999
Large
Small
Demersal Coral reef Squid,
pelagic fish pelagic and hard
fish (kg)
(kg)
inshore
bottom fish
mud crabs,
prawns,
Total
fish (kg)
(kg)
lobster
Volume
Year
tails (kg) (kg)
1988 No data available
79,494
1989 No data available
106,503
1990 No data available
89,156
1991 No data available
104,773
1992 No data available
96,975
1993
21,824
10,152
41,847
26,736
23,989
124,548
1994
28,382
21,256
40,137
23,218
25,230
138,223
1995
32,443
17,415
38,299
28,331
21,714
138,202
1996
28,978
17,735
34,527
31,226
21,816
134,282
1997
22,488
12,194
25,114
24,370
15,938
100,104
1998
28,651
20,301
30,369
18,063
1,005
98,389
1999
13,983
11,256
12,139
12,096
1,019
50,493
Total
185,391
113,762
239,122
174,222
116,858
829,355
% of Total
22
14
29
21
14
100
Source: Morobe Coastal Fisheries Development Program.
Total
Value (K)
349,995
337,650
303,444
323,515
179,617
1,494,221
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160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Figure 4: Fish production (kg) for the Morobe Province: 1992-1999
As a corresponding trend with the Morobe Province, fish landings from the Huon Gulf District
also took a downward trend since the cessation of the MCFDP (Table 10, Figure 5). During the
MCFDP, Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas were consistently the highest producing areas in all of
the Morobe Province. During the time of the MCFDP was operational there was 270 fishing
groups registered from the Huon Gulf District. On average only about 150 fisher groups in the
Morobe Province regularly landed fish each year, with approximately 20 groups being regular
suppliers each year (mostly from the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas).
Table 10: Fish production (kg) by LLG area in the Huon Gulf District: 1987-2002
Year
Morobe
Salamaua
Wampar
1987
13952
8747
1988
10851
20834
1989
30174
27831
1990
18285
41797
1991
33525
51328
1992
29992
37889
1993
50559
37426
1994
59045
55281
1995
61403
47459
1996
40160
49470
1997
17830
30343
1998
39335
27262
1999
15018
21059
2000
19091
17599
2001
9808
6530
2002
9099
5318
Totall
458127
486173
Source: Morobe Coastal Fisheries Development Program.
2268
956
2201
2225
1924
1249
583
640
406
312
12764
Total
22699
31685
60273
61038
87054
70106
87985
114326
110786
90879
48173
67180
36717
37096
16650
14417
957064
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70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
M o ro be
Salamaua
Wampar
20000
10000
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Figure 5: Fisheries production by LLG for the Huon Gulf District : 1987-2002
Actual fisheries production was significantly much higher than those represented above because
estimates during the course of the MCFDP suggest that up to 74 % of all fish caught was being
consumed in the village and that only 26 % was sold for commercial purposes (spoilage
accounted for 2.5 % of all fish landings). Of this 26 %, 78 % was sold to the Voco Point
Fisheries Station, while the remaining 22 % was sold as fresh fish (19 %) at the Lae Main Market,
supermarkets and hotels, with the remainder sold as smoked fish. Recent surveys by the CFMDP
show that 61 % of all fish from all villages surveyed in all LLG areas is consumed in the village,
with 39 % sold at the Lae Main Market, supermarkets and hotels. The total informal sub-sector
catch for the Morobe Province has been previously been estimated by the MCFDP to be
approximately 600 t/yr.
During the MCFDP, villages in the Salamaua LLG area were the highest producers in the Huon
Gulf District (Table 11). While some communities were relatively consistent in their landings,
there were seasonal fluctuations in landings (higher landings in February-May and October-
November) due to cultural and other social factors (such as fishing for funds for Christmas
celebrations and school fee obligations) as well as weather patterns.
When the MCFDP started, the Lababia community was the most productive of all fisher groups,
and a communal community fishing project was started with assistance from the VDT and the
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Due to the socio-cultural fabric of the Lababia
community, a further 18 fisher groups were established shortly after illustrating that some
individuals and sub-clans were not committed to supporting the community fishing co-operative,
and within six months of its inception the co-operative fishing project collapsed.
In fact, most fisher groups from all LLG areas dissolved soon after establishment or would only
operate intermittedly with many only supplying fish for a few months and then would cease,
either due to a lack of working capital, or other subsistence activities, which would cause the
group to split up. Subsequently, the supply of fish coming into the MCFDP fluctuated and it
appeared that participation by village fishers was based only on short-term needs such as social
obligations.
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Table 11: Fish production (kg) by Huon Coast village: 1987-1998
Morobe LLG
Place
1987 1988
Bosadi
2,449 4,145
Paiawa
3,150 687
Buso
Siboma
1,656 1,213
Kui
4,216 1,967
Maiama
1,282 892
Asini
274 434
Sapa
130 470
Wainsodunu
Eiya
158 244
Amoa
596
Kobo
Bau
Mou
Eware
41 799
Zare
Pema
Total
13,952 10,851
1989
2,846
2,239
8,785
10,133
2,827
1,747
1,597
30,174
1990
2,054
3,246
4,319
4,337
1,794
1,704
831
18,285
1991
1,074
16,101
3,242
1,080
1,484
6,272
2,332
846
1,094
33,525
1992
842
7,571
4,057
2,639
3,313
4,277
503
505
4,318
634
832
218
262
21
29,992
1993
10,875
5,971
2,154
4,338
2,808
1,243
11,263
5,408
6,499
50,559
1994
33,222
6,774
3,505
2,469
2,368
3,084
3,760
2,687
1,176
59,045
1995
27,951
10,655
7,408
5,807
4,963
1,885
2,734
61,403
1996
10,494
6,746
6,633
4,266
6,987
2,024
3,010
40,160
1997
3,238
1,096
2,938
4,973
3,115
2,470
17,830
1998
8,746
9,100
2,392
4,320
6,056
4,139
2,378
2,204
39,335
Total
107,936
67,365
49,250
45,047
43,428
25,145
17,031
16,128
14,940
7,535
4,176
2,687
1,926
1,176
1,058
262
21
405,111
Salamaua LLG
Place
1987 1988
Busama
1,135 2,960
Buakap
2,475 4,983
Lababia
1,688 6,347
Laukanu
1,896 5,496
Keila
7 119
Salus
1,546 929
Ainse
Buansing
Laugui
Kelkel
Salamaua
Total
8,747 20,834
1989
6,454
4,377
11,228
3,393
78
1,848
375
78
27,831
1990
10,436
13,435
9,215
2,023
3,412
2,739
537
41,797
1991
14,631
10,749
15,811
1,803
4,498
2,275
1,319
144
98
51,328
1992
12,500
9,065
7,400
4,608
1,375
54
931
1,142
470
295
49
37,889
1993
10,852
11,267
4,222
5,475
1,452
1,020
3,138
37,426
1994
17,722
15,332
4,433
4,676
6,405
1,231
3,567
1,915
55,281
1995
24,216
10,916
2,804
4,747
3,019
1,757
47,459
1996
21,410
8,012
4,469
10,975
1,589
3,015
49,470
1997
10,320
7,880
1,793
4,250
2,307
3,793
30,343
1998
8,545
8,214
3,425
5,339
1,739
27,262
Total
141,181
106,705
72,835
54,681
24,261
20,189
7,636
7,045
470
439
225
435,667
Wampar LLG
Place
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Labu Tale
2,268 888 1,609 1,384
1,924 1,249
Labu Miti
68 592 841
Total
2,268 956 2,201 2,225
1,924 1,249
Source: Morobe Coastal Fisheries Development Program
Note: Figures may not be complete; also where data has been taken from multiple sources, the highest values has been used.
1998
Total
9,322
1,501
10,823
The tuna fishery has been a traditional fishery for village fishers along the Huon Coast for
millennia, and has not until recently been specifically targeted as a commercial resource. This
changed in 2000, when commercial long-liners (up to 20 vessels) began using the port of Lae as a
base for their operations (including the aforementioned Maps Tuna). As mentioned above for
Maps Tuna, due to the high price of fuel, lower prices for sashimi tuna in export markets,
spiraling costs for air freight and difficult access to air freight opportunities, all these long-line
operations have now ceased.
In 2004, a Filipino fishing company (but domestic-based), Frescomar-Seahelm Corp (hereafter
Frabelle Tuna) set-up its fishing operations using purse-seiners to target tuna. In 2006, Frabelle
Tuna also opened a cannery in Lae for the canning of tuna caught by its purse-seiners. In
addition, it also opened a processing facility for tuna loins for export. Under its ‘community
obligation’ program (part of a social equity program for being allowed to set-up and fish in PNG)
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in 2005, Frabelle Tuna in conjunction with the Rural Development Bank (now the National
Development Bank) gave pump-boats to selected fishing groups on lease-purchase arrangements,
whereby fisher groups fish at FADs deployed by Frabelle Tuna, and land all their fish at the
loining factory or cannery. There are approximately 50 FADs now located in the Huon Gulf
ranging from 15-55 km offshore. Fisher group’s fish with hand-lines and short long-lines
primarily target yellow-fin and big-eye tuna. Associated by-catch includes marlins, dolphin fish
and rainbow runners.
Loans for the pump-boats are approximately K 50,000/vessel. In discussions with the
management of Frabelle Tuna, each pump-boat has to catch at least 2.1 t/mth to cover operational
costs (1,800 kg ice at K 0.25/kg, 200 lt fuel at K 2.30/lt, rations at K 7.50/person/day for five
crew) and loan repayment. In addition, the accompanying Filipino master-fisherman gets 25 % of
all nett income. Unfortunately most vessels are not making this amount (Table 12, Figure 6).
Additional costs to fisher groups also include the replacement of the ply-wood outer-skin of the
pump-boat at a cost of approximately K 5,000/yr.
Table 12: Pump-boat fish landings (kg) by month
Month
Volume (kg)
Aug-05
576
Sep-05
3,208
Oct-05
5,779
Nov-05
6,263
Dec-05
5,150
Jan-06
5,108
Feb-06
8,905
Mar-06
7,991
Apr-06
6,139
May-06
10,346
Jun-06
10,664
Jul-06
11,407
Aug-06
5,896
Sep-06
14,169
Oct-06
12,134
Nov-06
16,862
Dec-06
11,558
Jan-07
19,445
Feb-07
11,440
Mar-07
10,136
Apr-07
17,203
May-07
21,099
Source: Frabelle Tuna.
No. of boats fishing
Average catch (kg)/boat
3
192
3
1,069
3
1,926
5
1,253
5
1,030
7
730
7
1,272
7
1,142
7
877
8
1,293
9
1,185
8
1,426
7
842
10
1,417
11
1,103
12
1,405
12
963
11
1,768
11
1,040
13
780
12
1,434
12
1,758
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25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Figure 6: Average catch (kg)
Frabelle Tuna have now began implementing plans (utilising a carrier vessel and plans to have a
dedicated vessel for ice-making) to increase the efficiency of the pump-boats as they would like
to export four 20 ft containers/month, but can only produce one container/mth at present. To
obtain this quantity of fish, Frabelle Tuna’s management projects that they would require 80
pump-boats fishing to fill the desired four containers.
There are three pump-boats fisher groups from the Huon Gulf District, two from the Morobe LLG
area at Bosadi and Bau and one from the Wampar LLG area at Labu tale. The Hon Member for
the Huon Gulf District, Sasa Zibe, would like to see every village along the Huon Coast with a
pump-boat, but given the difficulties that the existing vessels are having with servicing their
loans, this is probably not a feasible option. Currently, crew members are making roughly K
160/mth. There are also questions about the long-term sustainability of the tuna resources.
Frabelle Tuna currently buys tuna from the pump-boats at K 2.50-5/kg (Table 13) and estimate
that approximately two-thirds of all catches are in the above 35 kg in weight category.
Table 13: Buying prices (K) for pelagic fish at Frabelle Tuna
Weight (kg)
Price (K)
> 35
5.00
15-34
4.00
<15
2.50
Source: Frabelle Tuna.
The European Union’s RCFDP also started in 2004 in the Morobe Province, whereby six fishing
vessels were also given out under loan agreements through the Australian and New Zealand
Bank. These vessels were to target a yet un-tapped resource, deep-water snapper. The original
loan amounts were between K 136-138,000, but due to poor performance, the loan amount was
later reduced by 30 % in late 2006 to K 95-96,000. There are three vessels in the Huon Gulf
District, two in the Morobe LLG area at Kui and Bosadi, and one in the Salamaua LLG area at
Busama.
The RCFDP fish landings began well enough with vessels landing reasonable quantities to the
Private Sector Partner, Maps Tuna at the site of the Voco Point Fisheries Station. Landings
quickly declined for a variety of reasons (Table 14, Figure 7) including high fuel prices,
difficulties in accessing ice and lower than anticipated fish purchase prices from Maps Tuna.
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Maps Tuna used to encourage buying program by advancing RCFDP fisher groups with money,
though this practice quickly stopped as it became increasingly evident that fisher groups were
selling more of their catch/purchases to the Papindo and other local supermarkets (estimated to be
around 76 % of all fish landed). Recent advice from the RCFDP suggests that all vessels still in
operation remain in arrears by 30-80 % of their loan repayments, even with the reduced loan
subsidies.
Table 14: RCFDP fish landings (kg) by month
Month
Volume (kg)
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05
Oct-05
Nov-05
Dec-05
Source: Kinch, 2006.
No. of boats fishing
2
2
2
2
2
5
4
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
Average catch (kg)/boat
1,353
677
2,538
1,269
3,837
1,919
6,066
3,033
1,909
955
1,463
293
1,204
301
2,412
402
2,626
438
2,445
489
2,271
454
2,854
571
1,684
337
2,869
574
3,527
705
2,705
451
1,215
243
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Figure 7: Average catch (kg)
In 2005, the CFMDP also started in the Morobe Province and has conducted community-based
fisheries management awareness programs along the Huon Coast. One of the goals of the
CFMDP was to explore arrangements through which communities might participate more fully in
fisheries development and management in the Morobe Province in order to ensure that the
benefits derived from marine resources were sustainably and economically beneficial over the
long-term. The CFMDP has conducted awareness programs in most communities along the Huon
Coast with 12 communities developing their own Community-based Fisheries Management Plans
(Table 15). Another objective of the CFMDP was infrastructure development through a planned
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wharf development at the location of the (old) Lae Yacht Club. This improvement was expected
to create spin-off economic opportunities and social benefits for coastal communities in the
Morobe Province. This development never went ahead because of severe siltation in the area and
budgetary constraints.
Table 15: CFDMP activities in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas
Salamaua LLG
Morobe LLG
area
Awareness
CBFM Plan
area
Labu butu
Lutu Busama
Awasa Busama
Buakap
Asini
Laugui
Laukanu
Buansing
Salus
Lababia
Buso
9
9 Kui
9
Siboma
9
Paiawa
9
9 Jigori
9
Amoa
9
Bosadi
9
Mou
9
Eware
9
Sapa
9
Zaire
9
Kobo
Wainsoduna
Bau
Sowara
Eia
Gugumi
Source: Maremco Foundation.
Awareness
CBFM Plan
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
There are several village fish buyers and fisher groups in various villages along the Huon Coast
who buy or catch fish and sell in the market or to the Foodmart, Andersons and Papindo
supermarkets. One fisher group/buyer from Buso, was observed during the source of the MLBA
selling fish at Papindo. This group sold 145 kg of fish (from four days fishing and buying),
consisting of 25 % rabbitfish, 25 % trevally (batfish), 45 % of mixed reef fish, 2 % lobster tails
and 3 % tuna and earning K 1,379, of which K 525 was taken in direct costs for ice (K 40), fuel
(K 360), kerosene (for night fishing, K 30), fishing equipment (K 20), transport (from the Aigris
Market and back, K 55), and victuals (K 20). This group have also started a tradestore, fuel outlet
and buying beche-de-mer, and have also started a beer store at Salamaua Point. They are selling
fish once a week, and sometimes more. Advice from the management of Papindo state that this
fisher group/buyer is their most regular supplier. Results of the CFMDP also show that fuel costs
consume a large part of fishing expenses (Table 16).
Table 16: Fisheries expenditures by type – CFMDP survey of Huon Coast villages
Activity
% of households involved
Fuel
45.4
Gear
19.8
Ice
10.2
Rations
8.0
Stimulants
3.3
Bait
7.3
Crew
6.1
Source: National Fisheries Authority, 2007b.
Fisher groups buy fish from other fishers at approximately 40-50 % of the price that they sell to
the supermarkets (Table 17). A review of sales receipts held by village buyers showed that reef
fish consistently provided around 70 % of weight and cash value for all fish purchased.
Supermarkets in turn, retail the fish that they have purchased off these fisher groups for
approximately 100 % mark-up or more, selling for between K 10-17.75/kg.
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Table 17: Buying prices for village fish buyers and the Papindo buying centre
Species
Village buyer (K)
Papindo buying centre (K)
Lobster
6.00
16.00
Red emperor
3.50
8.00
Mixed reef fish (including rabbitfish
3.50
7.50
Mackerel
3.50
5.50
Trevally (batfish)
2.50
5.50
Tuna (and other pelagics)s
2.50
4.00-6.00
Squid
0.50
1.50
Source: Village buyers and Papindo.
The main impediment to sustained fisheries development in the Huon Gulf District has been the
lack of adequate facilities to keep fish fresh during transport to Lae and poor management of
finances by fisher groups and buyers. Additionally, increasing transport costs, limited access to
fishing grounds (i.e. reefs), possible over-fishing of beach areas (by beach seine) and
unfavourable catch composition are problems.
Communities have reported that they would respond more positively if there was more bait
availability (which could be alleviated by community FADs), a regular supply of ice and better
storage at the village, and an organized transport facility for marketing (which would alleviate the
need to run to Lae on a frequent basis).
The current premises at the Voco Point Fisheries Station (where Maps Tuna has been operating)
is now up for tendered. There are opportunities to re-establish a fish buying business here, as is
the rehabilitation of the fisheries station at Morobe Station under a suitable business entity. This
would have immediate economic impacts on rural communities in the Salamaua and Morobe
LLG areas, particularly when combined with a regular shipping service. There are marketing
opportunities in the Highlands (already Papindo ships excess fish to its sister supermarkets in
other provinces).
Other Fisheries
The harvesting of other commercial marine resources (beche-de-mer, trochus and sharkfin) from
the Huon Coast is thought to be minimal. Villages along the Huon Coast could be supplying
approximately 5-10 % of all beche-de-mer and trochus exports from the Morobe Province (Tables
18 and 19). Figures supplied by Asiapac show a total of 3,111 kg of beche-de-mer has been
purchased from the Huon Gulf District, and just over 2 t of trochus. Advice provided by Papindo
suggests that their beche-de-mer purchases from the Huon Gulf District are around 200-300kg/yr,
mostly of poor quality and usually B and C grade.
Table 18: Dried marine resources purchases (kg) from the Huon Coast by Asiapac Ltd: 2007
Month
Beche-de-mer (kg)
Trochus (kg)
Sharkfin (kg)
January
47
190
2
February
347
131
7
March
608
279
9
April
623
821
20
May
633
558
4
June
853
120
3
Total
3,111
2,099
45
Source: Asiapac.
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Table 19: Dried marine resource exports (kg and K) from the Morobe Province: 1999-2005
Beche-de-mer
Trochus
Sharkfin
Month
Volume (kg) Value (K)
Volume (kg) Value (K)
Volume (kg) Value (K)
1999
13,450 224,510.00
3,480
41,440.00
6,090 758,630.00
2000
30,930
62,870.00
7,590
75,420.00
4,840 818,620.00
2001
45,090 1,447,760.00
5,560
30,610.00
2,970 587,040.00
2002
3,840 230,720.00
2,840
19,500.00
1,230 279,030.00
2003
16,330 553,980.00
14,000
87,330.00
2,460 568,790.00
2004
17,390 644,210.00
13,400
91,580.00
1,330 280,160.00
2005
29,820 985,040.00
18,920 140,780.00
400
77,980.00
Source: National Fisheries Authority, 2007c. *Note: The high volume of sharkfin exports in the early-2000s is due to by-catch by tuna
long-liners based out of the port of Lae.
Beche-de-mer does command a high buying price (Table 20), but the Huon Coast lacks suitable
habitat for these fisheries to be expanded.
Table : Beche-de-mer buying prices at Papindo - 2007
Species
Grade A
Grade B
Sandfish
120.00
White teatfish
90.00
Black teatfish
65.00
Stonefish
55.00
Surf redfish
55.00
Blackfish
55.00
Prickly redfish
60.00
Greenfish
60.00
Curryfish
45.00
Tigerfish
25.00
Brown sandfish
20.00
Amberfish
Elephant trunkfish
Lollyfish
Chalkfish
Snakefish
Pinkfish
Flowerfish
Source: Papindo.
90.00
75.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
35.00
20.00
15.00
Grade C
50.00
40.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
25.00
15.00
10.00
All Grades
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
Shellfish is commonly sold from the communities bordering the Labu lakes and swamps in the
Lae Main Market. Shellfish accounted for 62 % of all seafood sold during the recent 12-month
survey of the Lae Main Market by the CFMDP. Both fresh-water and marine prawns are caught
by small seine or scoop nets and are consumed or sold in local markets along the Huon Coast.
Prawns and crabs caught from the Labu Estuary are regularly sold at the Lae Main Market or
occasionally at the Papindo buying centre.
Fish Farming
Fish farming has been conducted in the Morobe Province since the 1950s. Tilapia is the main
species grown by farmers within the Huon Gulf District, with the majority of farmers located in
the Wampar LLG area (scattered around the Potsi, Pusika, Wampup, Nadzab and Gabsukeg
areas), with farmers having between 1-6 ponds. Genetically enhanced tilapia (Tilapia nilotica)
was introduced in 1999 from the Philippines.
It is currently not known how many fish farmers are in the Huon Gulf District, but it estimated by
DAL to be in the thousands. The Potsi Inland Fish Farmers Co-operative (PIFFC) in the Wampar
LLG area currently has 74 farmers, with most farmers having one pond, some with two or more.
Fish produced by the PIFFC are sold for K 5/kg at local markets and fingerlings are sold to other
farmers for K 0.50/each. There are also a group of 15-20 fish farmers in the Malalo Station area
(Tabula, Yemli, Dule and Kaiwa) with 2-3 ponds each (extension services for this group are
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provided by the aquaculture extension office of the Lutheran Development Service). This fisher
group have been bringing their fish down to Buakap and then selling them in Lae. A co-ordinated
transport service would assist them in selling fresh fish rather then smoked.
At present all tilapia fingerlings need to be flown down from Aiyura in the highlands (with an
average of 20 shipments/yr). A hatchery is now under construction at the DAL facility at Erap.
Advice from DAL suggests that there is a current demand for 40,000 fingerlings/mth, but at
present they can only supply 6,000 fingerlings/mth on an irregular basis as they have to come
from Aiyura. Once this hatchery is operational, DAL suggests that they will be able to supply up
to 200,000 fingerlings/mth selling at K 0.20-0.30/each. Other species suitable for pond culture
include carp (Cyprinus carpio), eels and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Eels are currently selling
at local markets for K 1-5/each.
Tilapia is usually stocked at 1-2 fish/m² with higher densities possible with supplementary
feeding. NARI has recently completed a program and produced formulas for making fish feed at
the village level via the use of mini-feed mills (these are available at Project Support Services Ltd
in Lae).
DAL has recently conducted a market survey amongst supermarkets and institutions with large
boarding populations to determine the viability of marketing farmed fish. The response has been
favourable with one meat supplier requesting 2 t/mth and is willing to pay K 8/kg. During the
recent 12-month survey by the CFMDP at the Lae Main Market, tilapia was the most common
fish sold, so production would meet demand.
Pelgans has a hatchery and grow-out facility (they have eight ponds measuring 50 x 100 m) at
Singawa in the Nawaeb District. Fish produced from this farm are sold through their supermarket
outlets for K 8.50/kg. Mainland Holdings also had a tilapia hatchery and farm located at their
crocodile farm at 9-mile, just outside of Lae. This farm never went into production. Advice from
the manager states that Mainland Holdings is now no longer interested in tilapia farming as it has
47,000 crocodiles to look after.
The NFA has recently earmarked an additional K10 million for lending to inland fishery projects
nationwide to be dispensed by the National Development Bank under a credit scheme. The
lending program is to be piloted in the Morobe Province.
The marine prawn Penaeus monodon (and other Penaeus spp.) is naturally present in the lakes
and lagoons in the coastal areas of the Huon Gulf District. These species of prawns can be cage
cultured, producing a high-quality product, with low levels of environmental impacts. They also
do not need supplementary feeding at low densities. Juveniles (0.5g – 10g body weight) can be
relatively easily caught by seine net from shallow sea-grass beds and appear to be abundant at all
times of the year
Within PNG, there is a strong domestic-market demand for prawns. Papindo currently buys for K
16/kg. Villagers already catch and sell prawns of all sizes (including small juveniles) at local
markets and in Lae. Reserving these juveniles for on-growing in cages thus has great potential
for value-adding in this artisanal prawn fishery.
Salus Lake, Sappa Lagoon and Bau Lake could all be viable places for cage culture, given their
sheltered nature and stable salinity. DAL conducted a survey last year of Lake Pipi in the Labu
area, but concluded that this lake was too shallow. Cage culture in the Labu lakes was trailed in
the early 1980s, whereby, wild culture of mullet (Liza Macropelis) was conducted using
fingerlings (3-10 cm) caught by small nets. This project was technically feasible but suffered
from social problems within different family groups which led to exclusion and poaching. The
project was finally closed when flooding from the Markham River destroyed the floating cages.
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Other fish trialled included Tilapia mossambica, milkfish (Chanos chano), trevally (Caranx
ignoblis) and catfish. Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is cultured in many Asia and Pacific countries
and is suitable for smallholder cage and pond production. Fry can easily be caught using a wide
variety of nets and transferred to cages or ponds for grow-out.
Eco-tourism
The Morobe Province attracts small numbers of tourists annually. In 2006, the Morobe Province
received 3,557 business visitors (62 % of total visitors) and 2,168 holiday visitors (38 %). These
figures are only for international visitors and do not take into consideration domestic tourists.
The tourism industry in the Morobe Province is noted as under developed but with some
potential. There are already a number of guesthouses established in the Huon Gulf District (Table
20), one is commercially orientated, located at 12-mile outside of Lae, while the others were
projects developed by the VDT. In discussions with VDT and Morobe Tourism, there is no data
on occupancy rates for the guesthouses in the Salamaua and Morobe LLG areas. Most visitations
by VDT controlled guesthouses are by VDT staff themselves, or in the case of the Kamiali
Guesthouse by NGOs. Japanese tourists visit the Waria Valley under VDT’s Eco-home Habitat
Program on a relatively regular basis. It has been estimated that during 2000-2003 more than 200
foreign tourists visited the Salamaua LLG area (it is probable that a high number of these were
guests of expatriates who own holiday houses at Salamaua).
The Huon Gulf District does offer certain attractions that would be of interest to tourists including
bird watching (at Gabensis in the Wampar LLG area), canoeing and rafting (currently offered
along the Erap River by Momahi Tours), caving, cultural experiences, diving (and snorkeling),
leatherback turtle watching, trekking, World War II interests, natural attractions such as islands
and waterfalls.
There is increasing interest in the Black Cat and Skin Diwai trails as alternatives to the
increasingly popular (and crowded) Kokoda Trail. The Black Cat trail is still a raw track with
areas needing improvements, it starts at the Black Cat Pass and follows the headwaters of the
Bitoi River down to Godogasul/Wapali, then on to Mubo, New Camp and Kamiatam before
arriving in Salamaua (you can also raft the last section from Kamiatam down the river to Nuknuk
and then walk along the beach to Salamaua). The Skin Diwai trail is a less strenuous walk that
follows the Buisaval River to Wapali and then follows the same trail as the Black Cat to
Salamaua. Approximately 50 trekkers have used this route in the last 18 months and takes
roughly four days to do the walk. Guides are paid approximately K 60/day, while porters earn
around K 50/day. Each trekker also pays a one-off K 50 track fee. There is also the option of
splitting the trail at either Godogasul or Mubo and heading down to the coastal villages of
Lababia (where the Kamiali Guesthouse is located) or Salus. The promotion of these trails would
benefit from having better organisation (particularly with the allocation of guides from differing
villages) and suitable radio communications. Accommodation in Wau, the starting point costs K
125/night with Dona Enterprises, or K 85/night at the Wau Ecology Institute. Along the trails
there are camping areas at K 5/person and a few guesthouses (these also needs better
organisation) ranging from K 10-20/person. Bush stops are uncharged.
Eco-tourism should only be promoted for the Salamaua LLG area, where existing infrastructure
exists, attractions are readily available and the distance is not too far from Lae.
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Table 20: Guesthouses and accommodation prices in the Huon Gulf District
Price
Guesthouse
Place
(K)
Type
Bula Falls Guesthouse
Gwado
45 Accommodation and meals
Kamiali Guesthouse
Lababia
80 Accommodation and meals
Nanga Arts Centre and
Pema
50 Accommodation only
Guesthouse
Popoe Guest House
50 Accommodation and meals
22 Bungalow accommodation only
Salamaua Haus Kibung
Salamaua
Guesthouse accommodation
66 only
Tulip Guesthouse
Bau
50 Accommodation only
Unu Resources Centre
Unu
50 Accommodation and meals
Guesthouse
Momahi Tours and
Guesthouse
12-mile
97 Accommodation
(116) (bed and breakfast)
64 Accommodation
(83) (bed and breakfast)
83 Accommodation
(102) (bed and breakfast)
49 Accommodation
(68) (bed and breakfast)
70 Accommodation
(89) (bed and breakfast)
211 Accommodation
(230) (bed and breakfast)
Source: Village Development Trust and Morobe Tourism.
Bungalow or standard room
Bungalow or open dormitory
Standard room
Standard room
Bungalow
Standard room
Standard room
Standard room
Family room
Garden room
Highway room
Single transit room
Twin transit room
Mountainview suite
Livestock
The Morobe Province is the most important beef-producing region in PNG. During the 1970s
smallholder cattle in the Markham Valley was estimated to be around 10,200 head. There has
been a decline in cattle numbers over the past 20 years due to land disputes, poor management
and low prices (due to poor transport infrastructure), benefit distribution, lack of markets and
market access and competition from sheep and poultry. Most cattle now seen in the Markham
Valley belong to either Ramu Sugar or Trukai Industries.
Trukai Industries currently assists smallholder producers through an out-grower system that
facilitates the marketing of cattle from these producers. Trukai Industries also supplies bulls free
of charge to smallholders.
Advice from the beef production manager at Trukai Industries suggests that there are
approximately 100 smallholder producers (the smallest has five cows) in the Wampar LLG area.
Trukai Industries purchase approximately 2,000 head of cattle/yr from these smallholders (picked
up free of charge). Buying prices are K 3/kg for prime cattle and K 2/kg for other cattle. Cattle
are bought at any size by Trukai Industries and are then left to grow or gain condition (growth
rate is estimated at 1.2-1.5 kg/day).
The beef cattle industry is in need of a cost effective and modern slaughtering infrastructure to
enable local producers to compete with overseas producers who supply PNG with low priced cuts
for canning and to enable local producers to supply meat at competitive prices due to economies
of scale (domestic meat consumption of beef is around 20 % with sheep and poultry meat equally
sharing the remainder). Retailers influence meat availability to consumers by switching to the
cheapest sources and cuts of meat, due to the low purchasing power of most people in PNG.
Trukai Industries sells between 65-85 head of cattle/wk (usually over 400 kg/each) to the local
abattoirs each Monday for local markets. The local abattoir has been mooted for sale, which
would severely affect the smallholder cattle industry. Trukai Industries has suggested that a
multi-species abattoir be established at Erap which could process cattle, pigs, horses, camels and
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goats (there is a huge export demand for goats in the Middle East, Malaysia and Indonesia, and
goats are ideal for smallholders).
Because there is no export standard abattoir, Trukai Industries has since 2001 been involved in
live cattle exports to the Philippines. Because live exports have a set price floor (if local prices
for slaughter do not match export prices then cattle are exported) this has led to a significant
increase in prices paid to all cattle producers and as a result there has been an upsurge of interest
in cattle production by smallholders. Strengths of PNG beef that it is disease free with no Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy present.
The Chairman of Bris Kanda (who is also the Agribusiness Manager for Trukai Industries) notes
that there is massive ‘potential’ to increase smallholder production of cattle, though there are also
several constraints to this, which include land disputes, small land sizes for running cattle, high
set-up costs (fencing, water, yards and purchase of foundation stocks), a lack of animal health
supplies, the need to improve pastures, poor transport infrastructure, law and order, loss of calves
to dogs, lack of participation amount industry and competition from other meats (Indian Buffalo).
The DAL at Erap in the Wampar LLG area is currently encouraging villagers to take up smaller
and easy to handle animals to generate income and assist in nutrition, such as rabbits (selling for
K 22/animal and taking 3-4 months to saleable size) and goats. DAL has an active goat dispersal
program at Situm in the Nawaeb District, with the concept of three weaned kids given to the next
lot of farmers. Goats are small animals that can be managed easily by all family members and
adaptable to village lifestyles. They are not expensive to manage and are able to do well on lower
quality feeds and do not require improved pastures.
Poultry Farming
Poultry farming has become a big success in the Wampar LLG area, with village producers acting
as out-growers with Niugini Tablebirds Ltd. The total number of farmers contracted to growing
chickens for Niugini Tablebirds in the Wampar LLG area (covering 10-Mile, along the Highlands
Highway to as far as Nadzab Airport, Gabensis Village and back to Labu Pile area) is
approximately 135 growers. These smallholder producers are growing about 800,000
chickens/yr.
Tablebirds state that there is room for expansion for new growers and also improvement to others
to build permanent buildings to replace old bush materials buildings that are falling apart. In
discussions with some smallholders they stated that they would increase production if the costs,
especially feed and day-old chicks were reduced, and more credit facilities were available.
Chicks are sold to the smallholder for K 1.50/each. Farm sizes range from 2,000-9,000 chickens
at a time. Feed for the chickens is around K 50-55/bag (40 kg). Mortality rates range between 2-
5 %/batch. Niugini Tablebirds provide all inputs which are deducted at the time of sale.
Chickens are purchased from the smallholder on kg rate over a set weight. Advice from farmers
that normally grow between 3,000-4,000 chickens/batch suggest that they can make between K
1,000-K 1,500/batch with 4-5 batches/yr.
Unlike broiler chickens where farmers raise them under intensive systems and feed them with
commercial feeds primarily for sale, village chickens are kept for various reasons, including home
consumption, for sale and for social and traditional obligations such as bride price.
Village poultry production under free ranging system is very low regardless of several attempts in
the 1970-1980s to improve production. Under the recent Testing and Delivering of Technologies
to Improve Village Chicken Production by NARI (funded by AusAID) a pilot scheme was
established at improving village poultry production by 10–20 % in the Morobe LLG area.
Surveys conducted in the Morobe LLG area showed that most households kept approximately 12
chickens/household, with 48 % of all households keeping chickens. The main production
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constraints are predators, theft and disease. Of all village poultry farmers surveyed during the
study, approximately 85 % of them sold their chickens at K 6-10/chicken. A needs survey was
also conducted with 50 % of all farmers wanting training on book-keeping and savings.
Crocodiles
Mainland Holdings Ltd produce crocodiles for the production of high-grade crocodile skins for
export to the lucrative international leather market, and currently have approximately 47,000
crocodiles currently in production.
There is very limited wild harvest of crocodiles from the Huon Gulf District. Advice from the
manager of the crocodile farm suggested that approximately 10 crocodile skins/month from
hunters in the Huon Gulf District. Crocodile skins do command a good price depending on size
and grade (Table 21).
Table 21: Buying prices (K) for crocodile skins by Mainland Holdings Ltd
Size (cm – belly-width) Grade 1 (K)
Grade 2 (K)
Grade 3 (K)
18
63.00
32.00
22.00
19
74.00
37.00
27.00
20
85.00
42.00
30.00
21
126.00
65.00
32.00
22
150.00
75.00
38.00
23
155.00
80.00
40.00
24
162.00
85.00
43.00
25
170.00
90.00
45.00
26
320.00
160.00
80.00
27
330.00
165.00
82.00
28
345.00
172.00
86.00
29
355.00
180.00
90.00
30
365.00
185.00
92.00
31
382.00
191.00
95.00
32
394.00
196.00
98.00
33
403.00
201.00
100.00
34
417.00
208.00
104.00
35
430.00
213.00
107.00
36
441.00
220.00
110.00
37
451.00
225.00
113.00
38
465.00
232.00
116.00
40
478.00
239.00
119.00
41
502.00
250.00
125.00
42
515.00
258.00
129.00
43
529.00
264.00
132.00
44
537.00
268.00
134.00
45
551.00
275.00
137.00
46
561.00
280.00
140.00
47
575.00
287.00
144.00
48
588.00
294.00
147.00
49
601.00
300.00
150.00
50
612.00
306.00
153.00
51
625.00
312.00
156.00
Source: Mainland Holdings.
Grade 4 (K)
11.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
19.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
40.00
41.00
43.00
45.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
30.00
52.00
53.00
55.00
56.00
58.00
60.00
62.00
64.00
66.00
67.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
73.00
75.00
76.00
78.00
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Eco-forestry
There has been considerable commercial logging over the last 30 years throughout the Huon Gulf
District. In the 1990s, the VDT (under their Eco-forestry Department) with support from the
WWF, began introducing portable sawmills throughout the Huon Gulf District as alternative
livelihood and development projects for communities in preference to commercial logging, with
the VDT buying eco-timber from the villagers for resale and export. Such operations were not
seen by the villagers themselves as an alternative to the income generated from large-scale
logging companies.
Since portable sawmills were not commercially viable, the focus of their use became cutting
timber for local sale and use, or assisting in community important projects. Portable sawmills
have been used by the VDT to construct several village guesthouses including the Tulip
Guesthouse in Bau in the Morobe LLG area, and the Kamiali Training Centre and Guesthouse
and the Bula Falls Guesthouse at Gwado in the Salamaua LLG area. Recently VDT delivered a
portable sawmill to Labu miti so they could cut timber for the construction of a new school.
Initially, the VDT concentrated efforts on providing mills as gifts or providing a substantial
portion of the capital required to purchasing portable sawmills, with little thought given to the
practical location of the mills (in some cases causing land disputes), access to markets and the
need to satisfy buyers by attention to quality of product (problems included the inclusion of
sapwood and juvenile heartwood, improper drying causing cracking or no drying at all,
undercutting timber and irregular cutting, ends not properly sealed, uneven thicknesses, and short
lengths) and consistency of supply. Another factor that contributed to failure was the high
expectations of the people to receive higher income from small-scale operations (there was no
incentive for people to operate the portable sawmills commercially because the capital costs had
been initially donated and thus the necessity to provide consistent production to service a loan
was not present). Others costs such as labour required to move processed timber from the bush to
the point of sale was also never taken into consideration.
Of the five portable sawmills that were in operation during the 1990s, and which claimed eco-
forestry status for export, all of them operated only when materials were required, and were thus
not commercial ventures and were not organised in a way which would make them commercially
viable.
Recently in discussions with the Hon Member for the Huon Gulf, Sasa Zibe, he stated that eco-
forestry projects should only be developed for community important buildings, housing programs
and ‘save and build’ concepts.
Commercially valuable timbers found in the Huon Gulf District are listed in Table 22.
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Table 22: Commercial valuable trees found in the Huon Gulf District
Botanical Name
Common Name
Palaquim spp.
Pencil cedar
Pometia pinnata
Taun
Intsia bajuga
Kwila
Pterocarpus indicus
Rosewood
Dracontomelon dao
Walnut
Terminalia spp.
Y/B Terminalia
Anthocephalus spp.
Yellow hardwood
Vitex quinata
Garamut
Aglaia cuculata
Amoora
Endospermum medullosum
Erima
Celtics nymanil
Celtis
Anisoptera
Mersawa
Findersia
Silkwood
Albizia
White Albizia
Elaecarpus
Quandong
Octomeles
Erima
Canarium
Canarium
Cinnamomum
Camphorwood
Planchonia papuana
Planchonia
Athrocarpus spp.
Arthocarpus
Dysoxyllum spp.
Dysox
Cananaga odorata
Cananaga
Neonauclea
Neoclea
Bischofia javanica
Java cedar
Myristica spp.
Nutmeg
Hybiscus papuadendron
Bulolo ash
Sloanea spp.
Sloanea
Alstonnia scholaris
Milky pine
Litsea spp.
Litsea
Sterculia schumaniana
Sterculia
Maxtixidendron spp.
Garagaro
Suzygium spp.
Water gum
Buchannia molis
Buchannia
Neuburgia corrinocarpa
Neuburgia
Pimeleodendron
Pimeleodendron
Source: Martin, 1996.
Gold
Advice from one gold buyer in Lae suggested that they receives on average 100 people/mth from
the Waria Valley region in the Morobe LLG area and approximately 20 people/mth from the
Salamaua LLG area selling between 10-20 gr/person. The current buying price is K 30-36/gr
which is on-sold for selling at K 52.60/gr. Gold pans retail for K 30-35/each, mini-dredges from
K 18-20,000 and concentrators from K 2,500-2,750.
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